Alaska adopted the Uniform Common Interest Ownership Act (UCIOA), providing a comprehensive framework covering condominiums, cooperatives, and planned communities under a single statute.
Primary HOA statute
Alaska Uniform Common Interest Ownership Act
Alaska Stat. §§ 34.08.010 to 34.08.990
Key provisions
- Applies to condominiums, cooperatives, and planned communities created after July 1, 1986
- Requires public offering statements for new developments
- Mandates reserve studies and adequate reserve funding
- Provides dispute resolution procedures for owner-association conflicts
The Alabama Homeowners Association Act applies to all HOAs created on or after January 1, 2016. It establishes requirements for governance, assessments, and homeowner rights. Older associations may still operate under their recorded covenants and the Alabama Nonprofit Corporation Act.
Primary HOA statute
Alabama Homeowners Association Act
Ala. Code §§ 35-20-1 et seq.
Condominium act
Alabama Uniform Condominium Act
Ala. Code §§ 35-8A-101 et seq.
Key provisions
- Applies to HOAs created on or after January 1, 2016
- Requires associations to file organizational documents with the probate judge
- Grants associations lien rights for unpaid assessments
- Mandates open meetings and homeowner access to records
Notable features
Relatively new HOA statute (2016). Older HOAs may not be subject to the Act unless they opt in.
Arkansas has minimal HOA-specific legislation. The state has a basic condominium act, and planned communities are primarily governed by their own CC&Rs and general property law. There is no comprehensive planned community statute.
Primary HOA statute
Arkansas Condominium Act
Ark. Code §§ 18-13-101 to 18-13-120
Key provisions
- Condominium creation requires a recorded declaration
- Unit owners share expenses for common elements as stated in the declaration
- Associations have lien rights for unpaid assessments
Arizona has comprehensive HOA legislation with separate statutes for planned communities and condominiums. The state is considered one of the most HOA-regulated in the nation, with strong homeowner protections and an active Department of Real Estate overseeing compliance.
Primary HOA statute
Arizona Planned Community Act
Ariz. Rev. Stat. §§ 33-1801 to 33-1817
Condominium act
Arizona Condominium Act
Ariz. Rev. Stat. §§ 33-1201 to 33-1270
Key provisions
- HOAs must provide open meeting notices at least 48 hours in advance
- Boards cannot prohibit for-sale or for-rent signs on owner property
- Assessment liens are limited and require specific notice procedures
- Annual financial reports and budgets must be provided to all owners
- Owners have the right to attend and speak at all open board meetings
Regulatory body
Arizona Department of Real Estate
Handles complaints related to HOA violations of state law and can order compliance.
Notable features
One of the strongest open meeting laws for HOAs in the country. Restricts HOA authority over solar panels, flagpoles, and political signs. Recent legislation strengthened owner rights to review association records.
California
ComprehensiveCalifornia's Davis-Stirling Act is one of the most detailed HOA statutes in the nation, governing all common interest developments including condominiums, planned developments, and cooperatives. It covers everything from board elections and open meetings to assessment collection, maintenance obligations, and dispute resolution.
Primary HOA statute
Davis-Stirling Common Interest Development Act
Cal. Civ. Code §§ 4000-6150
Key provisions
- Boards must conduct elections using secret ballots with an independent inspector
- Annual budget reports, reserve studies, and financial disclosures are mandatory
- Open meeting requirements (the Open Meeting Act) apply to all board actions
- Assessment increases over 20% require a membership vote
- SB 326 requires exterior elevated element inspections for condominiums every nine years
- Owners can request and receive association records within specified timeframes
Regulatory body
California Department of Real Estate
Oversees new CID developments and public reports. Does not adjudicate individual HOA disputes.
Notable features
One of the most comprehensive HOA statutes in the U.S. ADU (Accessory Dwelling Unit) laws restrict HOA ability to prohibit ADUs. Recent legislation requires electronic voting options for associations that opt in. Strong protections for solar installations, EV charging, and drought-tolerant landscaping.
Colorado has one of the most comprehensive HOA regulatory frameworks in the country. CCIOA governs all common interest communities, and the state has an active HOA Information and Resource Center to assist homeowners and boards.
Primary HOA statute
Colorado Common Interest Ownership Act (CCIOA)
Colo. Rev. Stat. §§ 38-33.3-101 to 38-33.3-402
Key provisions
- HOAs must register with the Secretary of State (DORA)
- Responsible governance policies are required for all associations
- Mandatory dispute resolution through the HOA Information and Resource Center
- Assessment lien foreclosures require court oversight
- Annual financial statements and budgets must be provided to owners
Regulatory body
Division of Real Estate, DORA
Registers HOAs and provides information and resources for homeowners and board members, but does not mediate disputes.
Notable features
Mandatory HOA registration with DORA. Strong responsible governance policy requirements. CCIOA requirements enforceable only through private legal action. Recent reforms strengthened owner protections against foreclosure.
Connecticut
ComprehensiveConnecticut adopted a version of the Uniform Common Interest Ownership Act covering condominiums and planned communities. The statute provides a solid framework for governance, financial management, and owner rights.
Primary HOA statute
Connecticut Common Interest Ownership Act (CIOA)
Conn. Gen. Stat. §§ 47-200 to 47-299
Key provisions
- Executive board meetings must be open to unit owners
- Annual budgets and financial statements are required
- Associations must maintain adequate reserves for repair and replacement
- Public offering statements are required for new developments
District of Columbia
ComprehensiveThe District of Columbia has a comprehensive condominium act and a separate cooperative housing statute. The city's high-density housing market means most residents are impacted by association governance.
Primary HOA statute
D.C. Condominium Act
D.C. Code §§ 42-1901.01 to 42-1904.18
Key provisions
- Detailed requirements for condominium registration and public offering statements
- Boards must hold annual meetings and provide financial disclosures
- Owners have strong rights to access association records
- Special protections exist for cooperative housing members
Delaware adopted the Uniform Common Interest Ownership Act and maintains an Office of the Ombudsperson for Common Interest Communities to handle disputes and provide education.
Primary HOA statute
Delaware Uniform Common Interest Ownership Act
Del. Code tit. 25, §§ 81-101 to 81-423
Key provisions
- Associations must register with the Office of the Ombudsperson
- Mandatory dispute resolution process before litigation
- Board meetings must be open to owners with proper notice
- Financial records must be made available to owners upon request
Regulatory body
Office of the Ombudsperson for Common Interest Communities
Handles complaints, mediates disputes, and maintains a registry of common interest communities.
Florida has arguably the most extensive HOA and condominium legislation in the country, with separate detailed statutes for each. The Division of Condominiums, Timeshares, and Mobile Homes actively regulates associations and handles complaints. Recent reforms following the Surfside condominium collapse in 2021 significantly strengthened structural inspection and reserve requirements.
Primary HOA statute
Florida Homeowners' Association Act
Fla. Stat. Chapter 720
Condominium act
Florida Condominium Act
Fla. Stat. Chapter 718
Key provisions
- Mandatory structural integrity reserve studies for condominiums (post-Surfside reform)
- Condominiums over 3 stories must complete milestone inspections at 25 or 30 years
- All board members must complete a certified education course or sign an affidavit
- Detailed election procedures including secret ballots and independent monitors
- Annual financial reports and budgets are mandatory, with audit requirements based on revenue
- Owners have robust rights to inspect and copy association records
Regulatory body
DBPR Division of Condominiums, Timeshares, and Mobile Homes
Regulates condominiums and cooperatives, handles complaints, conducts investigations, and can impose fines for violations.
Notable features
Post-Surfside structural inspection and reserve funding mandates. Active state agency that investigates and penalizes association violations. Board member education requirements. One of the few states where the state can intervene directly in association governance disputes.
Georgia has separate statutes for property owners' associations and condominiums. The Property Owners' Association Act is relatively brief compared to states like Florida or California, but covers the essentials of governance and assessment collection.
Primary HOA statute
Georgia Property Owners' Association Act
Ga. Code §§ 44-3-220 to 44-3-235
Condominium act
Georgia Condominium Act
Ga. Code §§ 44-3-70 to 44-3-116
Key provisions
- Associations must provide annual financial statements to members
- Assessment liens can be foreclosed under specific notice requirements
- Boards must hold annual meetings and allow owner participation
- Governing documents must be recorded and available to owners
Hawaii has comprehensive legislation for both condominiums and planned communities. Given the state's high-density housing and resort-heavy real estate market, the condominium act is particularly detailed and includes a mandatory mediation and arbitration process.
Primary HOA statute
Hawaii Planned Community Associations Act
Haw. Rev. Stat. Chapter 421J
Condominium act
Hawaii Condominium Property Act
Haw. Rev. Stat. Chapter 514B
Key provisions
- Mandatory mediation before association litigation
- Detailed financial reporting and reserve study requirements
- Condominium education trust fund supports owner and board education
- Association registration with the state is required for condominiums
Regulatory body
Hawaii Real Estate Commission
Registers condominium projects and handles certain regulatory functions for CIDs.
Notable features
Condominium education trust fund. Mandatory mediation and arbitration for disputes.
Iowa has minimal HOA-specific legislation. The Horizontal Property Act covers condominiums, and planned communities rely primarily on their governing documents and general property law.
Primary HOA statute
Iowa Horizontal Property Act
Iowa Code Chapter 499B
Key provisions
- Condominium creation requires a recorded declaration with specific content
- Unit owners share common expenses as specified in the declaration
- Associations have lien rights for unpaid assessments
Idaho has a moderate HOA framework with a basic Homeowners' Association Act and a separate Condominium Property Act. The statutes cover governance fundamentals but leave many operational details to the governing documents.
Primary HOA statute
Idaho Homeowners' Association Act
Idaho Code §§ 55-3001 to 55-3016
Condominium act
Idaho Condominium Property Act
Idaho Code §§ 55-1501 to 55-1537
Key provisions
- HOAs must provide at least 10 days notice before board meetings
- Assessment lien enforcement requires specific notice procedures
- Owners have the right to inspect and copy association records
- Boards must hold at least one annual meeting
Illinois has comprehensive legislation covering both condominiums and other common interest communities. The Condominium Property Act is one of the more detailed in the Midwest, reflecting the large number of condominiums in the Chicago metropolitan area.
Primary HOA statute
Illinois Common Interest Community Association Act
765 ILCS 160/
Condominium act
Illinois Condominium Property Act
765 ILCS 605/
Key provisions
- Board meetings must be open to owners with at least 48 hours notice
- Condominium boards must maintain reserves unless 2/3 of owners vote otherwise
- Detailed election procedures including secret ballots for condominiums
- Owners have broad rights to inspect and copy association records
- Annual budget and financial statement requirements are mandatory
Notable features
Strong condominium-specific legislation reflecting Chicago's large condo market. Ombudsperson position within state government to assist homeowners.
Indiana has a moderate HOA legislative framework. The Homeowners Association Act covers planned communities, while the Horizontal Property Law governs condominiums. Both provide a basic governance framework.
Primary HOA statute
Indiana Homeowners Association Act
Ind. Code §§ 32-25.5-1-1 to 32-25.5-3-7
Condominium act
Indiana Horizontal Property Law
Ind. Code §§ 32-25-1-1 to 32-25-9-5
Key provisions
- HOAs must hold annual meetings and allow owner voting on major decisions
- Assessment liens are enforceable through foreclosure with proper notice
- Boards must maintain financial records and make them available to owners
- Insurance requirements for common areas are specified in the statute
Kansas has minimal HOA legislation. The Apartment Ownership Act is a dated condominium statute, and planned communities are governed primarily by their CC&Rs and general contract/property law.
Primary HOA statute
Kansas Apartment Ownership Act
Kan. Stat. §§ 58-3101 to 58-3126
Key provisions
- Condominium declarations must be recorded and include specific provisions
- Common expenses are shared proportionally among unit owners
- Associations can place liens for unpaid assessments
Kentucky has minimal HOA-specific legislation. The Horizontal Property Law governs condominiums, while planned communities rely on governing documents and general property law principles.
Primary HOA statute
Kentucky Horizontal Property Law
Ky. Rev. Stat. §§ 381.805 to 381.910
Key provisions
- Condominiums are created by recording a master deed or declaration
- Unit owners share common expenses proportionally
- Associations may assess fees and enforce liens for nonpayment
Louisiana's legal system, rooted in civil law tradition, handles property and association governance differently than most states. The Condominium Act provides a detailed framework for condominium management, but planned communities are governed by the Civil Code and their governing documents.
Primary HOA statute
Louisiana Condominium Act
La. Rev. Stat. §§ 9:1121.101 to 9:1124.115
Key provisions
- Condominium associations must maintain insurance on common elements
- Annual meetings and financial disclosures are required
- Assessment liens take priority over most other encumbrances
- Governing documents must comply with the Civil Code's provisions on building restrictions
Notable features
Unique civil law system affects property rights and association governance differently than common law states.
Massachusetts has a well-established Condominium Act but limited legislation specifically for planned communities. The condominium act covers governance, finances, and owner rights for the state's large condominium population.
Primary HOA statute
Massachusetts Condominium Act
Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 183A
Key provisions
- Super-lien provision gives associations priority over first mortgage holders for six months of assessments
- Condominium trusts (the standard governance structure) must file with the Secretary of State
- Detailed requirements for condominium conversion of rental properties
- Boards must maintain adequate reserves and insurance
Notable features
Super-lien provision is one of the strongest assessment collection tools in the nation. Unique condominium trust structure rather than the corporation model used in most states.
Maryland has comprehensive legislation for both HOAs and condominiums. The state has been active in updating its laws, with recent reforms addressing governance transparency, collection practices, and board accountability.
Primary HOA statute
Maryland Homeowners Association Act
Md. Code, Real Prop. §§ 11B-101 to 11B-145
Condominium act
Maryland Condominium Act
Md. Code, Real Prop. §§ 11-101 to 11-143
Key provisions
- Associations must hold open board meetings with advance notice to owners
- Annual budgets and financial statements are mandatory
- Detailed dispute resolution procedures are available through the courts
- Assessment collection practices are regulated with consumer protections
- Governing document amendments require specific voting thresholds
Maine adopted a version of the Uniform Condominium Act, providing a moderate framework for condominium governance. Planned communities are covered under the general provisions of property and nonprofit corporate law.
Primary HOA statute
Maine Condominium Act
Me. Rev. Stat. tit. 33, §§ 1601-101 to 1604-118
Key provisions
- Detailed requirements for condominium declarations and public offering statements
- Board meetings must be open to unit owners
- Financial statements and budgets must be provided annually
- Associations must maintain adequate insurance coverage
Michigan has a detailed Condominium Act that governs condominium associations. Planned communities (subdivisions with HOAs) are primarily governed by their recorded covenants and general state law, with limited statutory protections.
Primary HOA statute
Michigan Condominium Act
Mich. Comp. Laws §§ 559.101 to 559.276
Key provisions
- Condominium boards must hold annual meetings and allow owner participation
- Financial audits or reviews may be required depending on association size
- Assessment liens have statutory priority with specific enforcement procedures
- Owners have the right to inspect association financial records
Minnesota adopted a comprehensive version of the Uniform Common Interest Ownership Act covering condominiums, cooperatives, and planned communities. The statute provides detailed governance, financial, and consumer protection requirements.
Primary HOA statute
Minnesota Common Interest Ownership Act (MCIOA)
Minn. Stat. Chapter 515B
Key provisions
- Applies to all common interest communities created after June 1, 1994
- Detailed public offering statement requirements for new developments
- Board meetings must be open to owners with reasonable notice
- Reserve study and funding requirements for common element maintenance
- Specific dispute resolution provisions are included
Missouri enacted the Uniform Homeowners Association Act effective January 1, 2025, filling a long-standing gap in state HOA legislation. Prior to this, Missouri had no specific HOA statute. The new Act covers declarant rights, governing document amendments, association organization, budgeting, assessments, and dispute resolution.
Primary HOA statute
Missouri Uniform Homeowners Association Act
Mo. Rev. Stat. § 442.500 et seq.
Condominium act
Missouri Condominium Property Act
Mo. Rev. Stat. §§ 448.005 et seq.
Key provisions
- New comprehensive HOA Act effective January 1, 2025
- Provisions cannot be varied by agreement or waived
- Association must incorporate as a mutual benefit nonprofit within 1 year of control transfer
- Each lot constitutes a separate parcel for taxation; common ground exempt
Notable features
Brand new HOA statute effective January 1, 2025. Previously one of the few states with no HOA-specific legislation.
Mississippi has minimal HOA-specific legislation. The Condominium Law is a basic statute, and planned communities rely primarily on their governing documents and general property law.
Primary HOA statute
Mississippi Condominium Law
Miss. Code §§ 89-9-1 to 89-9-35
Key provisions
- Condominium creation requires a recorded declaration
- Common expenses are shared as outlined in the declaration
- Associations have basic lien rights for unpaid assessments
Montana has a moderate condominium framework through the Unit Ownership Act. Planned communities are governed by their declarations and general Montana property law.
Primary HOA statute
Montana Unit Ownership Act
Mont. Code §§ 70-23-101 to 70-23-902
Key provisions
- Condominium creation requires a recorded declaration with specific content
- Associations must hold annual meetings
- Owners share common expenses proportionally
- Assessment liens can be enforced through foreclosure
North Carolina
ComprehensiveNorth Carolina has comprehensive legislation with separate statutes for planned communities and condominiums. The Planned Community Act is one of the more detailed in the Southeast.
Primary HOA statute
North Carolina Planned Community Act
N.C. Gen. Stat. Chapter 47F
Condominium act
North Carolina Condominium Act
N.C. Gen. Stat. Chapter 47C
Key provisions
- Associations must hold annual meetings and allow owner participation
- Annual budgets and financial statements are mandatory
- Assessment liens are enforceable with specific notice and hearing requirements
- Boards must meet open meeting requirements
- Dispute resolution through mediation is encouraged
North Dakota has minimal HOA-specific legislation. The Condominium Act covers the basics of condominium governance, while planned communities are governed by their declarations and general property law.
Primary HOA statute
North Dakota Condominium Act
N.D. Cent. Code Chapter 47-04.1
Key provisions
- Condominium creation requires a recorded declaration
- Associations must hold annual meetings
- Common expenses are shared as specified in the declaration
- Liens for unpaid assessments are enforceable
Nebraska adopted a version of the Uniform Condominium Act. Planned community HOAs rely on their governing documents and general nonprofit corporation law.
Primary HOA statute
Nebraska Condominium Act
Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 76-825 to 76-894
Key provisions
- Detailed requirements for condominium creation and declarations
- Board meetings must be open to unit owners
- Annual budgets and financial statements are required
- Associations must maintain insurance on common elements
New Hampshire has a moderate condominium act and limited provisions for planned communities. The statute covers the basics of condominium governance, finances, and owner rights.
Primary HOA statute
New Hampshire Condominium Act
N.H. Rev. Stat. Chapter 356-B
Key provisions
- Condominium registration with the Attorney General's office is required for new developments
- Board meetings must be open to unit owners
- Annual budgets and financial reports are mandatory
- Assessment liens are enforceable with specific procedures
New Jersey
ComprehensiveNew Jersey has comprehensive legislation for both planned developments and condominiums. The state requires registration of new developments with the Department of Community Affairs and provides detailed consumer protections.
Primary HOA statute
New Jersey Planned Real Estate Development Full Disclosure Act
N.J. Stat. §§ 45:22A-21 to 45:22A-56
Condominium act
New Jersey Condominium Act
N.J. Stat. §§ 46:8B-1 to 46:8B-38
Key provisions
- New developments must register with the Department of Community Affairs
- Public offering statements with detailed disclosures are required
- Boards must hold annual meetings and provide financial statements
- Assessment collection procedures include specific consumer protections
- Owners have rights to access association records and attend meetings
Regulatory body
NJ Department of Community Affairs
Registers planned developments and condominiums and provides consumer protection oversight.
New Mexico has moderate legislation with separate acts for homeowner associations and condominiums. The HOA Act provides a basic governance framework including meeting requirements and financial disclosure obligations.
Primary HOA statute
New Mexico Homeowner Association Act
N.M. Stat. §§ 47-16-1 to 47-16-21
Condominium act
New Mexico Condominium Act
N.M. Stat. §§ 47-7D-1 to 47-7D-20
Key provisions
- Board meetings must be open to members with advance notice
- Annual financial statements and budgets must be provided
- Owners have the right to inspect association records
- Assessment liens are enforceable with notice requirements
Nevada has one of the most comprehensive and heavily regulated HOA environments in the country. NRS 116 covers all common-interest communities, and the state's Real Estate Division has an active Ombudsman program that handles thousands of complaints annually.
Primary HOA statute
Nevada Uniform Common-Interest Ownership Act (NRS 116)
Nev. Rev. Stat. Chapter 116
Key provisions
- All CICs must register with the Real Estate Division
- HOA board members must complete a certification course
- Super-priority lien gives HOAs first claim on nine months of assessments ahead of the mortgage
- Detailed open meeting and election requirements
- Annual financial statements, budgets, and reserve studies are mandatory
- Cap on fines and specific violation notice requirements
Regulatory body
Nevada Real Estate Division, Office of the Ombudsman for HOAs
Registers all CICs, handles complaints, conducts investigations, provides education, and can impose fines for violations.
Notable features
Active Ombudsman office that processes thousands of complaints per year. Board member certification is mandatory. Super-priority lien is one of the strongest collection tools in the nation. One of the most detailed and prescriptive HOA statutes in the U.S.
New York has moderate HOA legislation focused on condominiums and cooperatives. Given New York City's dominance of cooperative housing, the state has extensive case law governing co-ops even without a dedicated statute. Planned community HOAs in suburban areas rely on their governing documents and general property law.
Primary HOA statute
New York Condominium Act
N.Y. Real Prop. Law Art. 9-B, §§ 339-d to 339-ii
Key provisions
- Detailed offering plan requirements regulated by the Attorney General
- Condominium boards must hold annual meetings
- Cooperatives are governed by Business Corporation Law and extensive case law
- Assessment liens are enforceable with specific procedures
Regulatory body
New York Attorney General, Real Estate Finance Bureau
Oversees condominium and cooperative offering plans and investigates complaints about new development marketing.
Notable features
Co-op governance is primarily through case law and Business Corporation Law. Attorney General actively regulates offering plans for new developments.
Ohio has moderate legislation with separate statutes for planned communities and condominiums. Recent legislative updates have strengthened both acts with improved governance standards and owner protections.
Primary HOA statute
Ohio Planned Community Law
Ohio Rev. Code Chapter 5312
Condominium act
Ohio Condominium Law
Ohio Rev. Code Chapter 5311
Key provisions
- Associations must hold annual meetings and provide financial disclosures
- Board meetings must be open to owners with advance notice
- Assessment liens have specific priority and enforcement procedures
- Owners have the right to inspect and copy association records
Oklahoma has minimal HOA-specific legislation. The Residential Property Act provides basic provisions, while associations primarily rely on their governing documents and general property law.
Primary HOA statute
Oklahoma Residential Property Act
Okla. Stat. tit. 60, §§ 851-870
Key provisions
- Associations must hold annual meetings
- Owners have the right to vote on certain major decisions
- Assessment liens are enforceable with proper notice
- Basic financial disclosure requirements
Oregon has comprehensive legislation with separate detailed statutes for planned communities and condominiums. Both acts were significantly updated in recent years to strengthen governance requirements and owner protections.
Primary HOA statute
Oregon Planned Community Act
Or. Rev. Stat. §§ 94.550 to 94.783
Condominium act
Oregon Condominium Act
Or. Rev. Stat. §§ 100.005 to 100.990
Key provisions
- Board meetings must be open to owners with at least three days notice
- Detailed election procedures with secret ballot requirements
- Annual financial statements and budgets are mandatory
- Owners have broad rights to inspect association records
- Specific dispute resolution procedures through the courts
Pennsylvania
ComprehensivePennsylvania has comprehensive legislation based on the Uniform Acts for both planned communities and condominiums. The statutes provide detailed governance, financial, and consumer protection requirements.
Primary HOA statute
Pennsylvania Uniform Planned Community Act
68 Pa. Cons. Stat. §§ 5101-5414
Condominium act
Pennsylvania Uniform Condominium Act
68 Pa. Cons. Stat. §§ 3101-3414
Key provisions
- Public offering statements are required for new developments
- Detailed budget and financial reporting requirements
- Board meetings must be open to owners with notice
- Assessment liens have specific priority provisions
- Owners have substantial rights to inspect records and participate in governance
Rhode Island adopted a version of the Uniform Condominium Act providing a moderate framework for condominium governance. Planned communities rely on their declarations and general property law.
Primary HOA statute
Rhode Island Condominium Act
R.I. Gen. Laws §§ 34-36.1-1.01 to 34-36.1-4.20
Key provisions
- Detailed requirements for condominium creation and declarations
- Board meetings must be open to unit owners
- Annual budgets and financial disclosures are required
- Assessment liens are enforceable with proper procedures
South Carolina has a moderate legislative framework with a specific Homeowners Association Act and a Horizontal Property Act for condominiums. The state also has an ombudsman program to assist with disputes.
Primary HOA statute
South Carolina Homeowners Association Act
S.C. Code §§ 27-30-110 to 27-30-200
Condominium act
South Carolina Horizontal Property Act
S.C. Code §§ 27-31-10 to 27-31-310
Key provisions
- HOAs must provide annual financial statements to members
- Boards must hold open meetings with advance notice
- Assessment liens are enforceable with specific notice procedures
- Owners have the right to attend board meetings and inspect records
South Dakota has minimal HOA-specific legislation. The Condominium Act provides basic governance provisions, and planned communities rely on their governing documents and general property law.
Primary HOA statute
South Dakota Condominium Act
S.D. Codified Laws Chapter 43-15A
Key provisions
- Condominium creation requires a recorded declaration
- Unit owners share common expenses as specified in the declaration
- Associations have lien rights for unpaid assessments
Tennessee has moderate legislation with separate statutes for homeowner associations and condominiums. Recent legislative activity has expanded homeowner protections.
Primary HOA statute
Tennessee Homeowners' Association Act
Tenn. Code §§ 66-27-401 to 66-27-417
Condominium act
Tennessee Horizontal Property Act
Tenn. Code §§ 66-27-101 to 66-27-123
Key provisions
- Associations must hold annual meetings open to all members
- Annual budgets and financial statements must be provided to owners
- Assessment liens are enforceable with specific notice requirements
- Owners have rights to access association financial records
Texas has comprehensive HOA legislation that has been significantly expanded over the past two decades. The state has one of the largest HOA populations in the nation, and the Property Code provides detailed requirements for governance, assessment collection, and owner rights.
Primary HOA statute
Texas Property Code, Title 11 (Property Owners' Associations)
Tex. Prop. Code §§ 202.001 to 209.017
Condominium act
Texas Uniform Condominium Act
Tex. Prop. Code §§ 81.001 to 82.161
Key provisions
- Associations must hold open board meetings with notice to owners
- Detailed assessment lien and foreclosure procedures with strong consumer protections
- Owners have the right to display certain flags, signs, and religious items
- Annual budgets and financial disclosures are mandatory
- Restrictive covenant enforcement must follow specific procedures
- Owners can request and receive copies of association records within 10 business days
Notable features
One of the largest HOA populations in the U.S. with over 70,000 associations. Strong homeowner protections around flag displays, solar panels, and religious expression. Assessment foreclosure requires judicial process with specific safeguards.
Utah has comprehensive and recently modernized HOA legislation. The state established an Office of the HOA Ombudsman in 2024, requiring all community associations to register. Utah has been one of the most active states in updating HOA law.
Primary HOA statute
Utah Community Association Act
Utah Code §§ 57-8a-101 to 57-8a-901
Condominium act
Utah Condominium Ownership Act
Utah Code §§ 57-8-1 to 57-8-55
Key provisions
- All HOAs must register with the Office of the HOA Ombudsman
- Board meetings must be open to members with advance notice
- Annual budgets and financial statements are required
- Owners have the right to inspect association records within 10 days of request
- Board members must complete education requirements
Regulatory body
Utah Office of the HOA Ombudsman
Newly established (2024) office that registers associations, handles complaints, and provides education and dispute resolution resources.
Notable features
New HOA Ombudsman office established in 2024. Mandatory registration for all community associations. Active legislative environment with frequent HOA law updates.
Virginia has comprehensive legislation with separate statutes for property owners' associations and condominiums. The state has an active Office of the Common Interest Community Ombudsman that provides oversight and education.
Primary HOA statute
Virginia Property Owners' Association Act
Va. Code §§ 55.1-1800 to 55.1-1835
Condominium act
Virginia Condominium Act
Va. Code §§ 55.1-1900 to 55.1-1992
Key provisions
- Associations must register annually with the Common Interest Community Board
- Board meetings must be open to owners with advance notice
- Annual budgets, financial statements, and reserve studies are mandatory
- Detailed resale disclosure requirements when selling a home in an HOA
- Owners have broad rights to inspect and copy association records
Regulatory body
Office of the Common Interest Community Ombudsman (DPOR)
Registers associations, handles complaints, provides education, and facilitates dispute resolution for common interest communities.
Notable features
Active Ombudsman office with registration and complaint handling. One of the most detailed resale disclosure requirements in the nation. Strong governance and financial reporting standards.
Vermont adopted the Uniform Common Interest Ownership Act, providing a comprehensive framework for condominiums, cooperatives, and planned communities in a single statute.
Primary HOA statute
Vermont Common Interest Ownership Act
Vt. Stat. tit. 27A
Key provisions
- Covers all common interest communities under one act
- Public offering statement requirements for new developments
- Board meetings must be open to owners with notice
- Financial reporting and reserve requirements
Washington
ComprehensiveWashington has comprehensive legislation with separate statutes for homeowners' associations and condominiums. The state has been active in recent years updating both acts to strengthen owner protections and modernize governance requirements.
Primary HOA statute
Washington Homeowners' Associations Act
Wash. Rev. Code Chapter 64.38
Condominium act
Washington Condominium Act
Wash. Rev. Code Chapter 64.34
Key provisions
- Board meetings must be open to owners with advance notice
- Annual budgets, financial statements, and reserve studies are required
- Detailed election procedures with specific notice and ballot requirements
- Owners have the right to inspect and copy association records
- Assessment lien enforcement requires specific notice and hearing procedures
Wisconsin created baseline HOA transparency requirements through 2021 Act 199 (effective January 1, 2023). The law requires recording covenants, filing annual public notices with the Department of Financial Institutions, providing 48-hour meeting notices, and fast, capped-fee payoff statements. Condominiums are separately governed by Chapter 703.
Primary HOA statute
Wisconsin Planned Community Law (2021 Act 199)
Wis. Stat. § 710.18
Condominium act
Wisconsin Condominium Ownership Act
Wis. Stat. Chapter 703
Key provisions
- HOAs must file annual public notice with the Department of Financial Institutions
- 48-hour advance notice required for meetings
- Capped-fee payoff statements required
- Condominium associations separately governed by Chapter 703
Notable features
New transparency requirements effective January 1, 2023 (Act 199). Annual DFI filing requirement. Previously had minimal HOA regulation.
West Virginia
ComprehensiveWest Virginia adopted the Uniform Common Interest Ownership Act, covering condominiums, cooperatives, and planned communities under a single comprehensive statute.
Primary HOA statute
West Virginia Uniform Common Interest Ownership Act
W. Va. Code §§ 36B-1-101 to 36B-4-120
Key provisions
- Covers all common interest communities created after 1986
- Public offering statements are required for new developments
- Board meetings must be open to owners
- Financial reporting and reserve requirements apply
Wyoming has minimal HOA-specific legislation. The Condominium Property Act is a basic statute, and planned communities rely on their governing documents and general property law.
Primary HOA statute
Wyoming Condominium Property Act
Wyo. Stat. §§ 34-20-101 to 34-20-203
Key provisions
- Condominium creation requires a recorded declaration
- Unit owners share common expenses as specified in the declaration
- Associations have basic lien rights for unpaid assessments